Posted By: technopediasite
The Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) has two primary communication system as its foundation. These are the T1 system based on 1544kbit/s that is recommended by ANSI and the E1 system based on 2048kbit/s that is recommended by ITU-T.
The T1 (or T-1) carrier is the most commonly used digital transmission service in the United States, Canada, and Japan. In these countries, it consists of 24 separate channels using pulse code modulation (PCM) signals with time-division multiplexing (TDM) at an overall rate of 1.544 million bits per second (Mbps). T1 lines originally used copper wire but now also include optical and wireless media. A T1 Outstate System has been developed for longer distances between cities.
T1 and E1 are equivalent digital data transmission formats that carry DS1 signals. T1 and E1 lines can be interconnected for international use.
Common Characteristics E1 and T1
(a) Sampling Frequency 8kHZ
(b) No.of samples per telephone signal 8000per second
(c) Length of PCM frame 1/b =1/8000/s=125μs
(d) No.of bits in each code word 8
(e) telephone channel bit rate b x d = 8000/s x 8bit=64kbit/s
T1 Overview
T1 is a digital data transmission medium capable of handling 24 simultaneous connections running at a combined 1.544 Mbps. T1 combines these 24 separate connections, called channels or time slots, onto a single link. T1 is also called DS1.The T1 data stream is broken into frames. Each frame consists of a single framing bit and 24 8-bit channels, totaling 193 bits per T1 frame. Frames are transmitted 8,000 times per second, at a data transmission rate of 1.544 Mbps (8,000 x 193 = 1.544 Mbps).
As each frame is received and processed, the data in each 8-bit channel is maintained with the channel data from previous frames, enabling T1 traffic to be separated into 24 separate flows across a single medium. For example, in the following set of 4-channel frames (without a framing bit), the data in channel 1 consists of the first octet of each frame, the data in channel 2 consists of the second octet of each frame, and so on:
Chan.1 Chan. 2 Chan. 3 Chan. 4
Frame 1 (10001100) (00110001) (11111000) (10101010)
Frame 2 (11100101) (01110110) (10001000) (11001010)
Frame 3 (00010100) (00101111) (11000001) (00000001)
E1 Overview
E1 is the European format for DS1 digital transmission. E1 links are similar to T1 links except that they carry signals at 2.048 Mbps. Each signal has 32 channels, and each channel transmits at 64 Kbps. E1 links have higher bandwidth than T1 links because it does not reserve one bit for overhead. Whereas, T1 links use 1 bit in each channel for overhead.
T1 and E1 Signals
T1 and E1 interfaces consist of two pairs of wires—a transmit data pair and a receive data pair. Clock signals, which determine when the transmitted data is sampled, are embedded in the T1 and E1 transmissions.
Typical digital signals operate by sending either zeros (0s) or ones (1s), which are usually represented by the absence or presence of a voltage on the line. The receiving device need only detect the presence of the voltage on the line at the particular sampling edge to determine whether the signal is 0 or 1. T1 and E1, however, use bipolar electrical pulses. Signals are represented by no voltage (0), positive voltage (1), or negative voltage (1). The bipolar signal allows T1 and E1 receivers to detect error conditions in the line, depending on the type of encoding that is being used.
Encoding Techniques
The following are common T1 and E1 encoding techniques:
➤Alternate mark inversion (AMI)—T1 and E1
➤Bipolar with 8-zero substitution (B8ZS)—T1 only
➤High-density bipolar 3 code (HDB3)—E1 only
➤Bipolar with 8-zero substitution (B8ZS)—T1 only
➤High-density bipolar 3 code (HDB3)—E1 only
E1 and T1 Framing
T1 interfaces uses extended superframe (ESF). E1 interfaces use G.704 framing or G.704 with no CRC4 framing, or can be in unframed mode.
ESF Framing For T1
ESF extends the D4 superframe from 12 frames to 24 frames. By expanding the size of the superframe, ESF increases the number of bits in the superframe framing pattern from 12 to 24. The extra bits are used for frame synchronization, error detection, and maintenance communications through the facilities data link (FDL).
The ESF pattern for synchronization bits is 001011. Only the framing bits from frames 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 in the superframe sequence are used to create the synchronization pattern.
The framing bits from frames 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, and 22 are used to pass a CRC code for each superframe block. The CRC code verifies the integrity of the received superframe and detects bit errors with a CRC6 algorithm.
The framing bits for frames 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, and 23 are used for the data link channel. These 12 bits enable the operators at the network control center to query the remote equipment for information about the performance of the link.
E1 And T1 Loopback Signals
The control signal on a T1 or E1 link is the loopback signal. Using the loopback signal, the operators at the network control center can force the device at the remote end of a link to retransmit its received signals back onto the transmit path. The transmitting device can then verify that the received signals match the transmitted signals, to perform end-to-end checking on the link.
Two loopback signals are used to perform the end-to-end testing:
➤The loop-up command signal sets the link into loopback mode, with the following command pattern:
...100001000010000100...
➤The loop-down signal returns the link to its normal mode, with the following command pattern:
...100100100100100100...
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